- Must visit
Pergamonmuseum - Das Panorama
Interim exhibition presenting highlights from the Pergamon collection with Yadegar Asisi's large-scale panorama while the main museum is closed for renovation.
Flights from Gothenburg to Berlin depart on average 56 times per day, taking around 2h 35m. Cheap flight tickets for this journey start at $97 (€78) but you can travel from only $45 (€36) by bus.
The earliest flight runs at 03:25, the last at 23:55. The fastest flight covers the 362 miles (584 km) distance in 1h 15m. October is the cheapest month to fly.
Distance 362 miles (584 km) |
Average flight duration 2h 35m |
Cheapest ticket price $97 (€78) |
Flights per day 56 |
Fastest flight 1h 15m |
First flight 3:25 AM |
Last flight 11:55 PM |
Cheapest Month Oct |
Cheapest Day Sun |
High Season Jul - Sep |
Low Season Jan - Mar |
Busiest Day Mon |
Least Busy Day Sun |
Best time to book 35 days |
Cheapest price
$117
Average price
$335
Fastest journey
1 h 15 m
Average duration
3 h 7 m
Flights per day
101
Distance
584 km
The best way to find a cheap flight ticket from Gothenburg to Berlin is to book your journey as far in advance as possible and to avoid traveling at rush hour.
The average ticket from Gothenburg to Berlin will cost around $335 if you buy it on the day, but the cheapest tickets can be found for only $117.
Of the 101 flights that leave Gothenburg for Berlin onMon, Jun 01, 1 travel direct so it’s quite easy to avoid journeys where you’ll have to change along the way.
On Mon, Jun 01 the direct flights cover the 584 km distance in an average of 3 h 7 m but if you time it right, some flights will get you there in just 1 h 15 m .
On Mon, Jun 01 the longest flights will take 3 h 50 m and usually involve a change or two along the way, but you might be able to save a few pennies if you’re on a budget.
EW8221
1087 Öresundstågen+
EC5268
1103 Öresundstågen+
EC5268
1079 Öresundstågen+
EC5268
1071 Öresundstågen+
EC5268
EW8221
SK150 · SK2677
SK1439 · SK1673
KL1785+
KL1236
LH819 · LH206Omio recommends booking the train as it is the most popular option from Gothenburg to Berlin among Omio's users. If you are prioritising price take the bus with prices starting from $45. For those with little time consider booking a flight which can get you there in 2h 35m. In case you are seeking to minimise your carbon footprint the train is your best bet as it emits only 0.2 - 0.5kg. The ticket price range depends on the travel mode: a bus costs an average of $45, and a flight costs an average of $97.
Distance: 362 miles (584 km)
| Flight | Most popular Train | Bus |
|---|---|---|
$241 Average price | $201 Average price | $86 Average price Cheapest |
5h 35m Average total duration Fastest 2h 35m Onboard + 3h 0m Additional time* | 12h 31m Average total duration 12h 1m Onboard + 30m Additional time* | 14h 33m Average total duration 14h 3m Onboard + 30m Additional time* |
1.7 - 3.5kg CO2 emissions | 0.2 - 0.5kg CO2 emissions Lowest | 0.6 - 1.5kg CO2 emissions |
![]() Most popular airline | ![]() Most popular train company | ![]() Most popular bus company |
Direct Options | Direct Options | Direct Options |
Additional time: Average total travel duration to departure point, security checks and transfers.
This is compared to other travel options from Gothenburg to Berlin:
A bus is $115 (€92) less than a train for this route with tickets for a train from Gothenburg to Berlin costing on average $201 (€162).
A bus is $155 (€125) less than a flight for this route with tickets for a flight from Gothenburg to Berlin costing on average $241 (€194).
Other travel options to Berlin take longer:
Train takes on average 12h 1m.
Bus takes on average 14h 3m.
The table below shows live departures for Gothenburg to Berlin flights for today, Sunday, May 31. You can also manually refresh the results below to see updated flight journeys.
| Provider | Departs | Duration | Arrives | Transfers | Tickets |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1063 Öresundstågen+ D83302 | 8:55 AM Gothenburg Centralstation | 7h45 | 4:40 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
1063 Öresundstågen+ D83304 | 8:55 AM Gothenburg Centralstation | 13h05 | 10:00 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
1063 Öresundstågen+ EC5268 | 8:55 AM Gothenburg Centralstation | 12h15 | 9:10 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
SK142 · SK2669 | 9:45 AM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 9h00 | 6:45 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
SK142 · SK2677 | 9:45 AM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 25h00 | 10:45 AM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
KL1230+ KL1781 | 9:45 AM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 8h35 | 6:20 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
KL1230+ KL1779 | 9:45 AM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 6h55 | 4:40 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
KL1230+ KL1777 | 9:45 AM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 3h50 | 1:35 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
SK142 · SK1429 · SK1679 | 9:45 AM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 11h00 | 8:45 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 2 transfers | |
1071 Öresundstågen+ D83304 | 9:55 AM Gothenburg Centralstation | 12h05 | 10:00 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
1071 Öresundstågen+ SK1679 | 9:55 AM Gothenburg Centralstation | 10h50 | 8:45 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
1071 Öresundstågen+ EC5268 | 9:55 AM Gothenburg Centralstation | 11h15 | 9:10 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
SK443 · SK1677 | 10:05 AM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 3h50 | 1:55 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
SK443 · SK1679 | 10:05 AM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 10h40 | 8:45 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
SK443 · SK1673 | 10:05 AM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 23h20 | 9:25 AM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
489 SJ 3000+ 1075 Öresundstågen+ D83304 | 10:24 AM Gothenburg Centralstation | 11h36 | 10:00 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 2 transfers | |
489 SJ 3000+ 1075 Öresundstågen+ SK1679 | 10:24 AM Gothenburg Centralstation | 10h21 | 8:45 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 2 transfers | |
489 SJ 3000+ 1075 Öresundstågen+ EC5268 | 10:24 AM Gothenburg Centralstation | 10h46 | 9:10 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 2 transfers | |
LH815 · LH190 | 10:40 AM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 5h15 | 3:55 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
LH815 · LH194 | 10:40 AM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 7h15 | 5:55 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
LH815 · LH192 | 10:40 AM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 6h15 | 4:55 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
1079 Öresundstågen+ D83304 | 10:55 AM Gothenburg Centralstation | 11h05 | 10:00 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
1079 Öresundstågen+ SK1679 | 10:55 AM Gothenburg Centralstation | 9h50 | 8:45 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
1079 Öresundstågen+ EC5268 | 10:55 AM Gothenburg Centralstation | 10h15 | 9:10 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
LH2429 · LH1946 | 11:50 AM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 5h15 | 5:05 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
LH2429 · LH113 · LH202 | 11:50 AM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 9h05 | 8:55 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 2 transfers | |
LH2429 · LH1952 | 11:50 AM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 7h15 | 7:05 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
1087 Öresundstågen+ D83304 | 11:55 AM Gothenburg Centralstation | 10h05 | 10:00 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
1087 Öresundstågen+ SK1679 | 11:55 AM Gothenburg Centralstation | 8h50 | 8:45 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
1087 Öresundstågen+ EC5268 | 11:55 AM Gothenburg Centralstation | 9h15 | 9:10 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
KL1232 · KL1781 | 12:05 PM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 6h15 | 6:20 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
KL1232 · KL1779 | 12:05 PM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 4h35 | 4:40 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
KL1232 · KL1785 | 12:05 PM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 10h05 | 10:10 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
1095 Öresundstågen+ D83304 | 12:55 PM Gothenburg Centralstation | 9h05 | 10:00 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
1095 Öresundstågen+ SK1679 | 12:55 PM Gothenburg Centralstation | 7h50 | 8:45 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
1095 Öresundstågen+ EC5268 | 12:55 PM Gothenburg Centralstation | 8h15 | 9:10 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
491 SJ 3000+ 1099 Öresundstågen+ D83304 | 1:24 PM Gothenburg Centralstation | 8h36 | 10:00 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 2 transfers | |
491 SJ 3000+ 1099 Öresundstågen+ EC5268 | 1:24 PM Gothenburg Centralstation | 7h46 | 9:10 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 2 transfers | |
491 SJ 3000+ 1099 Öresundstågen+ SK1428 · SK2677 | 1:24 PM Gothenburg Centralstation | 21h21 | 10:45 AM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 3 transfers | |
SK158 · SK2669 | 1:25 PM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 5h20 | 6:45 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
SK158 · SK2677 | 1:25 PM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 21h20 | 10:45 AM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
SK158 · SK1429 · SK1679 | 1:25 PM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 7h20 | 8:45 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 2 transfers | |
1103 Öresundstågen+ D83304 | 1:55 PM Gothenburg Centralstation | 8h05 | 10:00 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
1103 Öresundstågen+ SK1428 · SK2677 | 1:55 PM Gothenburg Centralstation | 20h50 | 10:45 AM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 2 transfers | |
1103 Öresundstågen+ SK1410 · SK2677 | 1:55 PM Gothenburg Centralstation | 20h50 | 10:45 AM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 2 transfers | |
KL1234+ KL1785 | 2:20 PM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 7h50 | 10:10 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
KL1234+ KL1781 | 2:20 PM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 4h00 | 6:20 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
EW8221 | 2:35 PM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 1h15 | 3:50 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 0 transfersDirect | |
LX1223+ LX4408 | 2:55 PM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 6h45 | 9:40 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
LX1223+ LX978 | 2:55 PM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 5h00 | 7:55 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
1111 Öresundstågen+ SK1428 · SK2677 | 2:55 PM Gothenburg Centralstation | 19h50 | 10:45 AM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 2 transfers | |
1111 Öresundstågen+ SK1428 · SK2679 | 2:55 PM Gothenburg Centralstation | 30h05 | 9:00 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 2 transfers | |
LX1223+ OS142 · OS239 | 2:55 PM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 7h15 | 10:10 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 2 transfers | |
SK162 · SK2677 | 3:10 PM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 19h35 | 10:45 AM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
SK162 · SK2669 | 3:10 PM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 3h35 | 6:45 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
SK162 · SK1429 · SK1679 | 3:10 PM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 5h35 | 8:45 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 2 transfers | |
493 SJ 3000+ 1115 Öresundstågen+ SK1428 · SK2679 | 3:24 PM Gothenburg Centralstation | 29h36 | 9:00 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 3 transfers | |
493 SJ 3000+ 1115 Öresundstågen+ SK1428 · SK2677 | 3:24 PM Gothenburg Centralstation | 19h21 | 10:45 AM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 3 transfers | |
SK431 · SK1679 | 3:30 PM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 5h15 | 8:45 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
SK431 · SK1673 | 3:30 PM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 17h55 | 9:25 AM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
SK431 · SK1677 | 3:30 PM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 22h25 | 1:55 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
1119 Öresundstågen+ SK1428 · SK2679 | 3:55 PM Gothenburg Centralstation | 29h05 | 9:00 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 2 transfers | |
1119 Öresundstågen+ SK1428 · SK2677 | 3:55 PM Gothenburg Centralstation | 18h50 | 10:45 AM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 2 transfers | |
SN2318 · SN2591 | 6:20 PM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 3h55 | 10:15 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
KL1236+ KL1771 | 6:25 PM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 13h55 | 8:20 AM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
KL1236+ KL1785 | 6:25 PM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 3h45 | 10:10 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
LH4205+ LH1928 | 6:35 PM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 13h30 | 8:05 AM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
LH4205+ LH1962 | 6:35 PM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 4h00 | 10:35 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
SK449 · SK1673 | 8:40 PM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 12h45 | 9:25 AM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
SK449 · SK1677 | 8:40 PM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 17h15 | 1:55 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
SK449 · SK1679 | 8:40 PM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 24h05 | 8:45 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
| Monday, June 1 | |||||
1031 Öresundstågen · 1035 Öresundstågen+ SN2260 · SN2591 | 4:55 AM Gothenburg Centralstation | 17h20 | 10:15 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 3 transfers | |
1031 Öresundstågen · 1035 Öresundstågen+ SK1677 | 4:55 AM Gothenburg Centralstation | 9h00 | 1:55 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 2 transfers | |
1031 Öresundstågen · 1035 Öresundstågen+ D83302 | 4:55 AM Gothenburg Centralstation | 11h50 | 4:45 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 2 transfers | |
LH821 · LH180 | 5:55 AM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 5h00 | 10:55 AM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
LH821 · LH178 | 5:55 AM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 4h00 | 9:55 AM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
LH821 · LH98 · LH1926 | 5:55 AM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 6h10 | 12:05 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 2 transfers | |
1039 Öresundstågen+ D83302 | 5:55 AM Gothenburg Centralstation | 10h50 | 4:45 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
1039 Öresundstågen+ SN2260 · SN2591 | 5:55 AM Gothenburg Centralstation | 16h20 | 10:15 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 2 transfers | |
1039 Öresundstågen+ SK1677 | 5:55 AM Gothenburg Centralstation | 8h00 | 1:55 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
SK1439 · SK1673 | 6:00 AM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 3h25 | 9:25 AM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
SK1439 · SK1677 | 6:00 AM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 7h55 | 1:55 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
SK1439 · SK1679 | 6:00 AM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 14h45 | 8:45 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
KL1228 · KL1775 | 6:00 AM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 5h15 | 11:15 AM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
KL1228 · KL1781 | 6:00 AM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 12h20 | 6:20 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
KL1228 · KL1779 | 6:00 AM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 10h40 | 4:40 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
KL1228 · KL1785 | 6:00 AM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 16h10 | 10:10 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
481 SJ 3000+ 1043 Öresundstågen+ D83302 | 6:19 AM Gothenburg Centralstation | 10h26 | 4:45 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 2 transfers | |
481 SJ 3000+ 1043 Öresundstågen+ SN2260 · SN2591 | 6:19 AM Gothenburg Centralstation | 15h56 | 10:15 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 3 transfers | |
481 SJ 3000+ 1043 Öresundstågen+ SK1679 | 6:19 AM Gothenburg Centralstation | 14h26 | 8:45 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 2 transfers | |
SK140 · SK2679 | 6:25 AM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 14h35 | 9:00 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
SK140 · SK2677 | 6:25 AM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 4h20 | 10:45 AM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
1047 Öresundstågen+ D83302 | 6:55 AM Gothenburg Centralstation | 9h50 | 4:45 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
1047 Öresundstågen+ SN2260 · SN2591 | 6:55 AM Gothenburg Centralstation | 15h20 | 10:15 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 2 transfers | |
1047 Öresundstågen+ SK1679 | 6:55 AM Gothenburg Centralstation | 13h50 | 8:45 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
SN2324 · SN2581 | 7:00 AM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 3h50 | 10:50 AM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
SK150 · SK2677 | 7:25 AM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 3h20 | 10:45 AM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
SK150 · SK2679 | 7:25 AM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 13h35 | 9:00 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
LO496 · LO391 | 7:50 AM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 14h05 | 9:55 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
LO496 · LO389 | 7:50 AM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 10h40 | 6:30 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
1055 Öresundstågen+ EC5268 | 7:55 AM Gothenburg Centralstation | 14h25 | 10:20 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
1055 Öresundstågen+ D83302 | 7:55 AM Gothenburg Centralstation | 8h50 | 4:45 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
1055 Öresundstågen+ SK1679 | 7:55 AM Gothenburg Centralstation | 12h50 | 8:45 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
SK148 · SK2679 | 8:35 AM Göteborg-Landvetter Airport | 12h25 | 9:00 PM Berlin Brandenburg Airport | 1 transfer | |
This is the last flight of the day. | |||||
Find all the dates and times for this journey
Compare train, bus, and flight prices over the next three weeks. See the best deals at a glance, find the lowest fares, and choose the option that fits your budget.
Discover the best of Berlin — top attractions, local food, transport tips, budget advice, and currency essentials. Plan your perfect Berlin trip today.
Interim exhibition presenting highlights from the Pergamon collection with Yadegar Asisi's large-scale panorama while the main museum is closed for renovation.
Major Museum Island museum known for Egyptian art, the bust of Nefertiti, and important prehistoric and classical collections.
Berlin's flagship contemporary art museum, housed in a former railway station and popular for major installations and modern art exhibitions.
Berlin's ceremonial boulevard lined with major historic buildings, ideal for a classic first walk through the city center.
UNESCO-listed island of world-class museums and monumental architecture, one of Berlin's essential cultural and scenic areas.
Elegant square framed by the Konzerthaus and twin cathedrals, widely regarded as one of Berlin's most beautiful public spaces.
Berlin's iconic street food of sliced pork sausage topped with curried ketchup and curry powder, commonly eaten with fries.
A hugely popular Berlin staple of Turkish-origin, usually served in flatbread with grilled meat, salad, and sauces; central to the city's food culture.
A traditional Berlin jam-filled doughnut, especially popular during Carnival and New Year, known elsewhere in Germany simply as a Berliner.
Acclaimed fine-dining restaurant focused on regional German ingredients with a modern tasting-menu approach and intimate counter seating.
Well-known traditional venue specializing in pork knuckle, sausages, and other hearty Berlin-Brandenburg dishes in a rustic setting.
Historic traditional restaurant known for classic Berlin dishes such as Eisbein and Königsberger Klopse in an old-world atmosphere.
Moderate for Western Europe: groceries and transit are reasonable, while central hotels and dining cost more.
Service is usually included, but rounding up is customary. In restaurants, add about 5-10% for good service. Round up taxi fares. Small tips are appreciated in bars and cafes.
Official public transport app
Berlin Brandenburg Airport -> Berlin Hauptbahnhof
Find answers to the most common questions about traveling from Gothenburg to Berlin by flight. From journey times and ticket prices to direct connections, first and last departures, and even whether the route is scenic, our FAQs cover everything you need to plan your trip. Whether you’re looking for the fastest flight, the cheapest option, or tips for making the most of your visit at Berlin, this guide helps you travel smarter and with confidence.

Here are some other resources that might have the information you need