Journey information
Overview: Düsseldorf to Turin flight
Flights from Düsseldorf to Turin depart on average 26 times per day, taking around 2h 16m. Cheap flight tickets for this journey start at $87 (€71) but you can travel from only $59 (€48) by bus.
The earliest flight runs at 03:00, the last at 22:25. The fastest flight covers the 426 miles (687 km) distance in 3h 10m. June is the cheapest month to fly.
Distance 426 miles (687 km) |
Average flight duration 2h 16m |
Cheapest ticket price $87 (€71) |
Flights per day 26 |
Fastest flight 3h 10m |
Cheapest month June |
First flight 03:00 |
Last flight 22:25 |
The cheapest and fastest flights from Düsseldorf to Turin
Cheapest price
$173
Average price
$252
Fastest journey
4 h
Average duration
8 h 16 m
Flights per day
5
Distance
687 km
The best way to find a cheap flight ticket from Düsseldorf to Turin is to book your journey as far in advance as possible and to avoid traveling at rush hour.
The average ticket from Düsseldorf to Turin will cost around $252 if you buy it on the day, but the cheapest tickets can be found for only $173.
Of the 5 flights that leave Düsseldorf for Turin onWed, Mar 18, 5 travel direct so it’s quite easy to avoid journeys where you’ll have to change along the way.
On Wed, Mar 18 the direct flights cover the 687 km distance in an average of 8 h 16 m but if you time it right, some flights will get you there in just 4 h .
On Wed, Mar 18 the longest flights will take 13 h and usually involve a change or two along the way, but you might be able to save a few pennies if you’re on a budget.










Travel Information
Compare train, bus, and flight for Düsseldorf to Turin
Omio recommends booking the flight as it is the most popular option from Düsseldorf to Turin among Omio's users. If you are prioritising price take the bus with prices starting from $59. For those with little time consider booking a flight which can get you there in 2h 16m. The ticket price range depends on the travel mode: a bus costs an average of $59, and a flight costs an average of $87.
Distance: 426 miles (687 km)
Compare flight with
Most popular Flight | Bus | Train |
|---|---|---|
$228 Average price | $95 Average price Cheapest | $99 Average price |
5h 16m Average total duration Fastest 2h 16m Onboard + 3h 0m Additional time* | 19h 22m Average total duration 18h 52m Onboard + 30m Additional time* | 24h 10m Average total duration 23h 40m Onboard + 30m Additional time* |
Direct Options | Direct Options | Direct Options |
Live departures
Düsseldorf to Turin flight times
The table below shows live departures for Düsseldorf to Turin flights for today, Tuesday, March 17. You can also manually refresh the results below to see updated flight journeys.
| Provider | Departs | Duration | Arrives | Transfers | Tickets |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LH2037+ LH9512+ Regionale TRENORD 10342+ Regionale Veloce 2026 | 5:15 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 8h39 | 1:54 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
LH2037+ LH9512+ Regionale TRENORD 10338+ Regionale Veloce 2024 | 5:15 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 7h39 | 12:54 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
KL1796+ KL1639 | 5:15 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 5h05 | 10:20 AM Turin Airport | 1 transfer | |
LH2037+ LH9512+ Regionale TRENORD 10346+ Regionale Veloce 7628 | 5:15 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 9h39 | 2:54 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
KL1796+ KL1641 | 5:15 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 16h25 | 9:40 PM Turin Airport | 1 transfer | |
AF1107 · AF1502 | 5:40 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 16h15 | 9:55 PM Turin Airport | 1 transfer | |
AF1830+ Regionale TRENORD 10346+ Regionale Veloce 7628+ AF1107 | 5:40 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 9h14 | 2:54 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
AF1107 · AF1202 | 5:40 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 11h05 | 4:45 PM Turin Airport | 1 transfer | |
AF1130+ Regionale TRENORD 10346+ Regionale Veloce 7628+ AF1107 | 5:40 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 9h14 | 2:54 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
AF1830+ Regionale TRENORD 10342+ Regionale Veloce 2026+ AF1107 | 5:40 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 8h14 | 1:54 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
EW9820+ Regionale TRENORD 10334+ Regionale Veloce 2022 | 5:50 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 6h04 | 11:54 AM Turin Porta Susa | 2 transfers | |
EW9820+ Regionale TRENORD 10338+ Regionale Veloce 2024 | 5:50 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 7h04 | 12:54 PM Turin Porta Susa | 2 transfers | |
EW9820+ Regionale TRENORD 10342+ Regionale Veloce 2026 | 5:50 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 8h04 | 1:54 PM Turin Porta Susa | 2 transfers | |
LH5401+ LH11+ LH9522 | 6:05 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 7h00 | 1:05 PM Turin Airport | 2 transfers | |
KL1798 · KL1641 | 7:15 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 14h25 | 9:40 PM Turin Airport | 1 transfer | |
LH2001+ LH9448+ Regionale TRENORD 10358+ Regionale Veloce 2004 | 7:25 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 10h13 | 5:38 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
LH2001+ LH9448+ Regionale TRENORD 10354+ Regionale Veloce 7632 | 7:25 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 9h29 | 4:54 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
LH2001+ LH9448+ Regionale TRENORD 10350+ Regionale Veloce 7630 | 7:25 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 8h29 | 3:54 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
LH75+ LH9522 | 7:30 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 5h35 | 1:05 PM Turin Airport | 1 transfer | |
U23948+ Regionale TRENORD 10342+ Regionale Veloce 2026 | 7:50 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 6h04 | 1:54 PM Turin Porta Susa | 2 transfers | |
U23948+ Regionale TRENORD 10346+ Regionale Veloce 7628 | 7:50 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 7h04 | 2:54 PM Turin Porta Susa | 2 transfers | |
U23948+ Regionale TRENORD 10350+ Regionale Veloce 7630 | 7:50 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 8h04 | 3:54 PM Turin Porta Susa | 2 transfers | |
VY1897 · VY6338+ Regionale TRENORD 10360+ Regionale Veloce 2056 | 8:10 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 10h27 | 6:37 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
VY1897 · VY6338+ Regionale TRENORD 10358+ Regionale Veloce 2004 | 8:10 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 9h28 | 5:38 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
VY1897 · VY6514 | 8:10 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 7h45 | 3:55 PM Turin Airport | 1 transfer | |
VY1897 · VY6338+ Regionale TRENORD 10362+ Regionale Veloce 2006 | 8:10 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 10h33 | 6:43 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
LH2005+ LH9448+ Regionale TRENORD 10350+ Regionale Veloce 7630 | 8:25 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 7h29 | 3:54 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
LH2005+ LH9448+ Regionale TRENORD 10358+ Regionale Veloce 2004 | 8:25 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 9h13 | 5:38 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
LH2005+ LH9448+ Regionale TRENORD 10354+ Regionale Veloce 7632 | 8:25 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 8h29 | 4:54 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
AF1330+ Regionale TRENORD 10360+ Regionale Veloce 2056+ AF1307 | 8:35 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 10h02 | 6:37 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
AF1307 · AF1502 | 8:35 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 13h20 | 9:55 PM Turin Airport | 1 transfer | |
AF1330+ Regionale TRENORD 10362+ Regionale Veloce 2006+ AF1307 | 8:35 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 10h08 | 6:43 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
AF1330+ Regionale TRENORD 10358+ Regionale Veloce 2004+ AF1307 | 8:35 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 9h03 | 5:38 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
AF1307 · AF1202 | 8:35 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 8h10 | 4:45 PM Turin Airport | 1 transfer | |
LX1017 · LX1628+ Regionale TRENORD 10360+ Regionale Veloce 2056 | 8:45 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 9h52 | 6:37 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
LX1017 · LX1628+ Regionale TRENORD 10354+ Regionale Veloce 7632 | 8:45 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 8h09 | 4:54 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
LX1017 · LX1628+ Regionale TRENORD 10358+ Regionale Veloce 2004 | 8:45 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 8h53 | 5:38 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
BA931 · BA588+ Regionale TRENORD 10382+ Regionale Veloce 7644 | 9:15 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 13h39 | 10:54 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
BA931 · BA588+ Regionale TRENORD 10382+ FRECCIAROSSA 1000 9326 | 9:15 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 12h53 | 10:08 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
BA931 · BA588+ Regionale TRENORD 10383+ Regionale 10243 | 9:15 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 13h39 | 10:54 PM Turin Porta Susa | 4 transfers | |
LH77+ LH5636+ Regionale TRENORD 10354+ Regionale Veloce 7632 | 9:50 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 7h04 | 4:54 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
LH77+ LH5636+ Regionale TRENORD 10358+ Regionale Veloce 2004 | 9:50 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 7h48 | 5:38 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
LH77+ LH9522 | 9:50 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 3h15 | 1:05 PM Turin Airport | 1 transfer | |
LH77+ LH5636+ Regionale TRENORD 10360+ Regionale Veloce 2056 | 9:50 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 8h47 | 6:37 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
AF1730+ Regionale TRENORD 10374+ Regionale Veloce 7640+ AF1607 | 10:15 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 10h39 | 8:54 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
AF1607 · AF1202 | 10:15 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 6h30 | 4:45 PM Turin Airport | 1 transfer | |
AF1730+ Regionale TRENORD 10378+ Regionale Veloce 7642+ AF1607 | 10:15 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 11h39 | 9:54 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
AF1607 · AF1502 | 10:15 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 11h40 | 9:55 PM Turin Airport | 1 transfer | |
AF1730+ Regionale TRENORD 10382+ Regionale Veloce 7644+ AF1607 | 10:15 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 12h39 | 10:54 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
AZ415 · AZ2071 · AZ1435 | 10:30 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 7h00 | 5:30 PM Turin Airport | 2 transfers | |
KL1800 · KL1641 | 10:30 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 11h10 | 9:40 PM Turin Airport | 1 transfer | |
AZ415 · AZ2071 · AZ1423 | 10:30 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 8h15 | 6:45 PM Turin Airport | 2 transfers | |
AZ415 · AZ2059 · AZ1431 | 10:30 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 11h20 | 9:50 PM Turin Airport | 2 transfers | |
AZ415 · AZ2059 · AZ1423 | 10:30 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 8h15 | 6:45 PM Turin Airport | 2 transfers | |
KL1800+ KL2009+ KL2106 | 10:30 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 6h15 | 4:45 PM Turin Airport | 2 transfers | |
BA933 · BA588+ Regionale TRENORD 10383+ Regionale 10243 | 11:30 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 11h24 | 10:54 PM Turin Porta Susa | 4 transfers | |
BA933 · BA588+ Regionale TRENORD 10382+ Regionale Veloce 7644 | 11:30 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 11h24 | 10:54 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
BA933 · BA588+ Regionale TRENORD 10382+ FRECCIAROSSA 1000 9326 | 11:30 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 10h38 | 10:08 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
LH2013 · LH1856+ Regionale TRENORD 10374+ Regionale Veloce 7640 | 11:55 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 8h59 | 8:54 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
LH2013 · LH1856+ Regionale TRENORD 10378+ Regionale Veloce 7642 | 11:55 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 9h59 | 9:54 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
LH2013 · LH1856+ Regionale TRENORD 10368+ Regionale Veloce 7638 | 11:55 AM Dusseldorf Airport | 7h59 | 7:54 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
EW9822+ Regionale TRENORD 10362+ Regionale Veloce 2006 | 12:40 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 6h03 | 6:43 PM Turin Porta Susa | 2 transfers | |
EW9822+ Regionale TRENORD 10360+ Regionale Veloce 2056 | 12:40 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 5h57 | 6:37 PM Turin Porta Susa | 2 transfers | |
EW9822+ Regionale TRENORD 10366+ Regionale Veloce 2058 | 12:40 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 6h57 | 7:37 PM Turin Porta Susa | 2 transfers | |
LX4401+ LX1622+ Regionale TRENORD 10376+ FRECCIAROSSA 9808 | 1:00 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 7h38 | 8:38 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
LX4401+ LX1622+ Regionale TRENORD 10382+ Regionale Veloce 7644 | 1:00 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 9h54 | 10:54 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
LX4401+ LX1622+ Regionale TRENORD 10378+ Regionale Veloce 7642 | 1:00 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 8h54 | 9:54 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
AF1507 · AF1502 | 1:30 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 8h25 | 9:55 PM Turin Airport | 1 transfer | |
KL1802+ KL1641 | 1:35 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 8h05 | 9:40 PM Turin Airport | 1 transfer | |
AZ4749 · AZ407 · AZ1431 | 1:40 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 8h10 | 9:50 PM Turin Airport | 2 transfers | |
LH81 · LH112+ LH9474 | 1:40 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 4h35 | 6:15 PM Turin Airport | 2 transfers | |
AZ4749 · AZ407 · AZ1421 | 1:40 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 19h50 | 9:30 AM Turin Airport | 2 transfers | |
AZ4749 · AZ7279 · AZ1421 | 1:40 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 19h50 | 9:30 AM Turin Airport | 2 transfers | |
LX1019+ LX1622+ Regionale TRENORD 10376+ FRECCIAROSSA 9808 | 1:45 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 6h53 | 8:38 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
LX1019+ LX1622+ Regionale TRENORD 10378+ Regionale Veloce 7642 | 1:45 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 8h09 | 9:54 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
LX1019+ LX1622+ Regionale TRENORD 10382+ Regionale Veloce 7644 | 1:45 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 9h09 | 10:54 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
LH5362+ LH9472 | 1:50 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 18h15 | 8:05 AM Turin Airport | 1 transfer | |
LH5362+ LH9474 | 1:50 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 4h25 | 6:15 PM Turin Airport | 1 transfer | |
LH2021+ LH9474 | 3:00 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 3h15 | 6:15 PM Turin Airport | 1 transfer | |
AZ4715 · AZ7473 | 4:25 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 25h45 | 6:10 PM Turin Airport | 1 transfer | |
AZ4715 · AZ437 · AZ1435 | 4:25 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 25h05 | 5:30 PM Turin Airport | 2 transfers | |
AZ4715 · AZ437 · AZ1423 | 4:25 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 26h20 | 6:45 PM Turin Airport | 2 transfers | |
AZ4715 · AZ7477 | 4:25 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 15h40 | 8:05 AM Turin Airport | 1 transfer | |
AZ4715 · AZ7329 · AZ1421 | 4:25 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 17h05 | 9:30 AM Turin Airport | 2 transfers | |
AZ4715 · AZ7329 · AZ1435 | 4:25 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 25h05 | 5:30 PM Turin Airport | 2 transfers | |
AF1502 · AF4147 | 4:30 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 5h25 | 9:55 PM Turin Airport | 1 transfer | |
AF4147 · AF1102 | 4:30 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 16h15 | 8:45 AM Turin Airport | 1 transfer | |
EW9824+ Regionale TRENORD 10382+ FRECCIAROSSA 1000 9326 | 5:15 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 4h53 | 10:08 PM Turin Porta Susa | 2 transfers | |
EW9824+ Regionale TRENORD 10382+ Regionale Veloce 7644 | 5:15 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 5h39 | 10:54 PM Turin Porta Susa | 2 transfers | |
EW9824+ Regionale TRENORD 10383+ Regionale 10243 · Regionale Veloce 7644 | 5:15 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 5h39 | 10:54 PM Turin Porta Susa | 3 transfers | |
AF1102 · AF1407 | 5:25 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 15h20 | 8:45 AM Turin Airport | 1 transfer | |
AF1407 · AF1502 | 5:25 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 4h30 | 9:55 PM Turin Airport | 1 transfer | |
KL1804 · KL1639 | 5:40 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 16h40 | 10:20 AM Turin Airport | 1 transfer | |
KL1804 · KL1641 | 5:40 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 4h00 | 9:40 PM Turin Airport | 1 transfer | |
AZ417 · AZ2013 · AZ1421 | 6:45 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 14h45 | 9:30 AM Turin Airport | 2 transfers | |
AZ417 · AZ2013 · AZ1435 | 6:45 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 22h45 | 5:30 PM Turin Airport | 2 transfers | |
AZ417 · AZ2055 · AZ1435 | 6:45 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 22h45 | 5:30 PM Turin Airport | 2 transfers | |
AF1102 · AF1007 | 7:45 PM Dusseldorf Airport | 13h00 | 8:45 AM Turin Airport | 1 transfer | |
This is the last flight of the day. | |||||
Find all the dates and times for this journey
Compare prices and tickets Düsseldorf to Turin by train, bus, or flight
Compare train, bus, and flight prices over the next three weeks. See the best deals at a glance, find the lowest fares, and choose the option that fits your budget.
Mar 18
Mar 19
Mar 20
Mar 21
Mar 22
Mar 23
Mar 24
Mar 25
Mar 26
Mar 27
Mar 28
Mar 29
Mar 30
Mar 31
Apr 01
Apr 02
Apr 03
Apr 04
Apr 05
Apr 06
Apr 07
Why should you book Düsseldorf to Turin flights with Omio?
Why book with Omio vs Air Dolomiti?
- Compare with other providers: On Omio, you can not only buy tickets for Air Dolomiti, but also compare tickets for the likes of KLM Cityhopper, ITA, Vueling Airlines or Ryanair to find the best option for your trip from Düsseldorf to Turin.
- Designed for International Travelers: Omio is in your language including 24/7 customer service and offers multiple payment options, including PayPal, credit cards, and bank transfer, in your preferred currency.
- Compare all your options: Omio allows you to compare Air Dolomiti with all available travel options, which are train, bus and flight to ensure you get the best deal for traveling from Düsseldorf to Turin.
Why book with Omio over Skyscanner, Edreams or Kayak?
- Compare with other providers: On Omio, you can also compare tickets for the likes of KLM Cityhopper, ITA, Vueling Airlines or Ryanair to find the best option for your trip from Düsseldorf to Turin.
- Multiple modes of transport: Omio allows you to compare travel options including train, bus and flight to find the ideal travel option from Düsseldorf to Turin.
Airlines: Air Dolomiti, KLM Cityhopper, ITA, Vueling Airlines, Ryanair from Düsseldorf to TurinFind the best flights between Düsseldorf to Turin with Omio's travel partners Air Dolomiti, KLM Cityhopper, ITA, Vueling Airlines, Ryanair from $59 (€48). We can find you the best deals, schedules and tickets when comparing and booking the best trip.
ITA
Air Dolomiti
Vueling Airlines
KLM Cityhopper
Ryanair
FAQs: Düsseldorf to Turin Flight
Find answers to the most common questions about traveling from Düsseldorf to Turin by flight. From journey times and ticket prices to direct connections, first and last departures, and even whether the route is scenic, our FAQs cover everything you need to plan your trip. Whether you’re looking for the fastest flight, the cheapest option, or tips for making the most of your visit at Turin, this guide helps you travel smarter and with confidence.

- Turin International Book Fair, one of the largest book fairs in Italy featuring authors and publishers from around the world
- Turin Jazz Festival, a celebration of jazz music with performances by renowned artists
- Salone del Gusto, a major food festival showcasing local and international culinary traditions
- Torino Film Festival, an important film festival highlighting independent cinema and emerging filmmakers.
- Easter, pleasant spring weather and traditional celebrations
- Ferragosto (Assumption Day), summer festivities and beach activities
- Christmas, beautiful holiday decorations and festive markets.
popular airports
Popular airports from Düsseldorf to Turin
- Free Wi-Fi available throughout the airport for 30 minutes, with paid options for longer use.
- Shops include duty-free stores and fashion outlets like Hugo Boss, located in terminals.
- Parking available with options like P1, P2, and P3 near terminals, approximately 4€ per hour.
- Available outside the terminal.
- Elevators, ramps.
- Available throughout the airport, including accessible facilities.
- Yes
- Lounges include the Lufthansa Lounge and Hugo Junkers Lounge, offering food, drinks, and showers.
- Located in the arrivals area, with Located via phone and email.
- Buses: 721, 760, SB51
- Train: S11
- Free Wi-Fi available throughout the airport.
- Shops are available, including duty-free and local products, located in the departures area.
- Parking available near the terminal, approximately 2.5€ per hour.
- Available outside the terminal.
- Elevators.
- Available throughout the airport.
- Yes
- Lounges available, such as the Piemonte Lounge, with access via membership or fee.
- Located in the arrivals area.
- Bus: Sadem
- Train: GTT
More options for your journey from Düsseldorf to Turin
Here are some other resources that might have the information you need















